Here is some feedback

Differences

Similarities

• Crucial for credible journalism: Both are needed to ensure trust and respect from an audience who knows how to evaluate credible journalism.

• Informed Public: Both are needed for a well informed public.

• Effortful: Both require editing, fact check, caring, and so on.

• Ethical: Both are essential elements of ethical practice by journalists.

Summary

• Accuracy ensures factual correctness; Objectivity ensures fairness and neutrality — both are distinct but essential qualities.

• A report can be accurate yet biased, or objective yet factually incorrect, showing the need for both.

• Together, they uphold ethical journalism, foster public trust, and support an informed society.

Fact-checking is a method for determining if information is true or accurate by taking the following actions:

1. Verifying claims
2. Considering different perspectives fairly
3. Identifying methods used to introduce or exaggerate bias.

Engineering is the process of developing technology products.

Analysis

Process

A process is a method or set of steps for accomplishing something.

Technology Product

A technology product is a good or service whose development is enhanced by the application of math, science, computer programming, technology and so forth. Examples: Rockets, mobile phones, highways, bridges, manufacturing plants, nuclear reactors, medical devices of all kinds, cars, trucks, and so forth.

Development

Development refers to actions that advance a product: invention, design, research, testing, prototyping, building math models, improving, application, and so on.

An argument is a set of statements that includes a conclusion and one or more premises intended to support or justify the conclusion.

Use :%s/\<todo\>/TODO:/g

• :%s → substitute across all lines

• < > → match whole word boundaries

• g → apply change globally on each line

💡 Bonus tip: If you want to confirm each replacement, use c at the end:

:%s/\<todo\>/TODO:/gc

1. Normal mode – For navigating and issuing commands.

2. Insert mode – For editing text.

3. Visual mode – For selecting blocks of text and issuing associated commands.

4. Command-line mode – For entering commands like :w, :q, and :s/foo/bar/g.

• Work in different modes (Normal, Insert, Visual, Command-line).
• move around efficiently
• edit text
• highlight text (in Visual mode)
• search or search and replace
• explore a directory (using :Ex or plugins)
• copy, cut (delete), and paste text (using registers)
• undo and redo changes
• save (:w) and exit (:q, :wq, :q!)
• work with multiple files and buffers
• use tabs and windows to manage multiple views
• record and play macros for repetitive tasks
• file management: create new, delete, search, …
• use registers to store and retrieve text
• customize your environment (key mappings, options, syntax highlighting)
• run shell commands from within Vim
• leverage a vast ecosystem of plugins to extend functionality.
• use powerful text objects and motions for precise editing
• navigate and refer to specific line numbers.
• utilize auto-completion for words and filenames.

A proposition is a statement that is either true or false. That is, it has a truth value.

In brief, use three ways:

• ctermfg=blue: color name
• ctermfg=123: ANSI color code
• ctermfg=#FF229A: hex color code (e.g., #RRGGBB)

A mode is a setting that determines what happens when your press various keys or key combinations.

Example: In normal mode, pressing the “j” key causes the cursor to move down one line. In insert mode, pressing the “j” key inserts the “j” character.

Vim is a modal editor; this means that the the meaning of the keystrokes changes depending on the mode that you are in.

The most common modes in Vim are normal, insert, command, and visual.

Determining whether a news article follows journalistic ethics requires a critical assessment of several factors. Here’s a priority order of the most important things to look for:

1. Accuracy and Factual Reporting: The most crucial element of ethical journalism is accuracy. Ensure that the article presents verifiable and well-sourced facts. Look for multiple sources and cross-references, and check if the information is consistent with established facts.

2. Objectivity and Impartiality: Ethical journalism should strive to provide a balanced perspective without bias or personal opinion. Check for signs of sensationalism, editorializing, or slant in language, and assess whether different viewpoints are represented fairly.

3. Transparency and Attribution: Verify that the article clearly cites its sources and provides proper attribution for quotes, statistics, and data. Transparency about the sources used is a key component of journalistic ethics.

4. Independence and Freedom from Influence: Investigate whether the news outlet or journalist appears to be influenced by political, corporate, or other external interests. Ethical journalism should maintain independence from such influences.

5. Contextual Reporting: Assess whether the article provides sufficient context to help readers understand the broader picture. Lack of context can distort the meaning of a story and lead to misinterpretation.

6. Verification and Fact-Checking: Ethical journalism involves rigorous fact-checking and verification of information before publication. Look for signs that the article has undergone thorough editorial scrutiny.

7. Ethical Sourcing and Privacy: Ensure that the article respects the privacy and dignity of individuals mentioned, especially in sensitive or controversial stories. Consider whether the information was obtained ethically and legally.

8. Corrections and Accountability: Check if the news outlet is willing to acknowledge and correct errors promptly when they are discovered. Ethical journalism holds itself accountable for mistakes.

9. Editorial Independence: Assess whether the news outlet maintains editorial independence and safeguards its journalists’ freedom to report on issues of public interest without undue interference.

10. Diversity and Inclusivity: Ethical journalism should reflect the diversity of perspectives and voices in society. Consider whether the article includes a range of viewpoints and avoids discrimination or stereotypes.

11. Sensitivity and Responsible Reporting: Ethical journalism should exercise care and sensitivity when reporting on topics such as tragedy, crime, or vulnerable individuals. It should avoid sensationalism and prioritize the well-being of those affected.

12. Plagiarism and Copyright Compliance: Ensure that the article does not plagiarize content from other sources and respects copyright laws by obtaining permission or providing proper attribution.

13. Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest: Investigate whether the journalist or news outlet discloses any potential conflicts of interest that could influence their reporting.

14. Editorial Guidelines and Codes of Ethics: Many reputable news organizations have established editorial guidelines and codes of ethics that their journalists follow. Familiarize yourself with these guidelines, if available, and check if the article adheres to them.

15. Public Accountability and Feedback Mechanisms: Ethical news outlets should have mechanisms for receiving and addressing public feedback and complaints about their reporting.

It’s important to approach news articles with a critical and discerning eye, and to consider multiple sources and viewpoints to get a more well-rounded understanding of a topic. No single factor alone can guarantee the ethical quality of an article, so it’s best to evaluate articles holistically by considering these criteria.

A conspiracy theory is a belief or claim that secretive groups covertly work towards harmful goals, typically unsupported by sufficient evidence.

Note: It would be better to say “conspiracy hypothesis” because a conspiracy theory represents someone’s “educated guess” at the cause of something. In general, theory is used to describe a conclusion that has massive evidence and justification to support it. However, the term “conspiracy theory” is the common usage.

Conclusion: There are approximately 0.556 moles, or 3.35 × 10²³ molecules, in 10 grams of water. The reasoning follows below.

Step 1: Calculate the Number of Moles

The molar mass of water (H₂O) is about 18.015 g/mol. This value is obtained from the atomic masses of hydrogen (approximately 1.008 g/mol) and oxygen (approximately 16.00 g/mol):

• 2 hydrogen atoms: 2 × 1.008, g/mol = 2.016, g/mol

• 1 oxygen atom: 16.00, g/mol

Thus, the molar mass of water is:

2.016 g/mol + 16.00 g/mol = 18.016 g/mol

However, for simplicity, we often use 18.015 g/mol.

Using the formula to find the number of moles:

$$\text{Number of moles} = \frac{\text{Mass of the substance}}{\text{Molar mass}}$$

we calculate:

$$\text{Number of moles} = \frac{10 , \text{g}}{18.015 , \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.556 , \text{moles}$$

Step 2: Calculate the Number of Molecules

To determine the number of molecules, we use Avogadro’s number, which is approximately 6.022 × 10²³ molecules per mole.

Number of molecules = Number of moles × 6.022 × 10²³ molecules/mol

This gives us:

Number of molecules = 0.556, moles × 6.022 × 10²³, molecules/mol ≈ 3.35 × 10²³ molecules

Therefore, 10 grams of water contains approximately 0.556 moles and 3.35 × 10²³ molecules.

Claim: Mass times length squared divided by time cubed: [M L^2 / T^3]

Reasoning

1. Power has dimensions: [P] = [F L / T]
2. Force has dimensions: [F] = [M L / T^2]
3. Substitude 2 into 1.
4. Therefore, [P] = [M L^2 / T^3]

Definition: the ability to make good judgments and quick decisions, typically in a particular domain.

Examples

1. Her business acumen led the company to new heights.
2. He demonstrated remarkable acumen in negotiating the deal.
3. With her political acumen, she quickly rose through the ranks.

A regex is short for “regular expression,” and both terms mean the same thing.

A regular expression is a pattern of characters used to search, match, or modify text.

Example: The regex [\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+ will find all email addresses in a block of text.

Brief

There are 7 primary dimensions: mass, length, time, amount of matter (moles), luminosity, temperature, and current.

Details

1. Mass: A measure of how much matter is in an object, expressed in mass units (kg).
2. Length: A measure of distance or spatial extent, expressed in meters (m).
3. Time: The continuous progression of existence and events, measured in seconds (s).
4. Amount of Matter: A measure of the quantity of substance, expressed in moles (mol).
5. Luminosity: A measure of the amount of light emitted by a source, expressed in candela (cd).
6. Temperature: A measure of the thermal energy of particles in a substance, expressed in kelvin (K).
7. Current: A measure of the flow of electric charge, expressed in amperes (A).

Brief

A dimension is something that can be measured in order to quantify a physical parameter such as energy, voltage, or force, or mass flow rate.

A primary dimension is a dimension that is not derivable from other dimensions. All dimensions can be built from a set of 7 primary dimensions.

Details

(from Gemini AI)

A primary dimension, also known as a basic or fundamental dimension, is one of the independent dimensions in a system of measurement.1 These dimensions are considered fundamental because they are not derivable from other dimensions. All other physical quantities and their associated dimensions can be expressed as combinations of these primary dimensions.

Think of them as the basic building blocks for describing the physical world in a measurable way. Just like you can combine basic colors to create a wide range of other colors, you can combine primary dimensions to describe more complex quantities.

There are seven primary dimensions recognized by the International System of Units (SI), which is the most widely used system of units:

1. Mass (M): Represents the amount of matter in an object.
2. Length (L): Represents spatial extent.4
3. Time (T): Represents duration.5
4. Amount of matter (N): Represents the number of entities (like atoms or molecules) in a sample, measured in moles.
5. Luminosity (J): Represents the power emitted by a light source.
6. Temperature (Θ): Represents the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance.
7. Electric current (I): Represents the rate of flow of electric charge.6

These primary dimensions form the foundation for understanding and quantifying physical phenomena. They are essential for dimensional analysis, which is a powerful tool used in science and engineering to check the consistency of equations and to derive relationships between physical quantities.

In Brief: Dimensional homogeneity is the principle that in any valid physical equation, all terms must have the same dimensions (or units).

For example, in the equation F = ma, both terms F and ma have the same dimensions, which is [ML/T²], or the same units, such as newtons.

Molar mass is the mass, in grams, of one mole of particles, such as atoms or molecules.

Definition: Using or containing too many words; tediously lengthy.

🗣️

Examples

1. The author’s prolix style made the novel difficult to read.
2. His prolix explanation confused more than it clarified.
3. Despite the prolix speech, the main points were still unclear.

Definition: the lowest or most unsuccessful point in a situation

Examples

1. After losing her job and going through a difficult breakup, she felt like she had reached the nadir of her life.
2. The company hit its nadir when sales dropped to an all-time low last quarter.
3. The patient’s health reached its nadir before the new treatment started to show results.

Definition: inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others

Examples

1. The professor presented his theories in a dogmatic manner, leaving no room for alternative interpretations.
2. She was criticized for her dogmatic approach to management, which often stifled creativity in her team.
3. Despite evidence to the contrary, he remained dogmatic in his beliefs about the benefits of the diet.

Definition: using or containing too many words; tediously lengthy.

Examples

1. The prolix speech left the audience feeling drowsy and uninterested.
2. Her prolix writing style made the article difficult to follow.
3. Despite its prolix nature, the book offered insightful analysis.

Definition: A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

Examples

1. The analysis of the data revealed significant trends.
2. Her analysis of the poem offered new insights.
3. We need a thorough analysis of the situation to make an informed decision.

Definition: Serving to alleviate pain or soothe discomfort; often used to describe something inoffensive or bland.

Examples

1. The therapist’s anodyne words helped calm the patient.
2. The anodyne music played softly in the background, creating a soothing ambiance.
3. His anodyne comments during the meeting avoided any potential controversy.

Definition: complete and utter, often used to emphasize something negative or bad

Examples

1. The claim was dismissed as arrant nonsense.
2. He is an arrant fool for trusting her again.
3. The project was deemed an arrant failure by the critics.

Definition: Lacking understanding or knowledge.

Examples

1. The travelers found themselves benighted and lost in the unfamiliar landscape.
2. Her benighted views on modern science were the result of never attending school.
3. During their journey, they stumbled across a benighted village that was untouched by time.

Definition: rude in a mean-spirited and surly way

Examples

1. The churlish behavior during the meeting annoyed everyone.
2. Despite his wealth, his churlish attitude made him unpopular.
3. She couldn’t understand why he was being so churlish despite their previous pleasant interactions.

Definition: lacking a plan, purpose, or enthusiasm

Examples

1. His desultory efforts in preparing for the exam did not yield good results.
2. The conversation at the party was desultory, with topics ranging randomly from politics to pets.
3. She made a few desultory remarks about the weather before changing the subject entirely.

Logic is a set of methods, each of which uses facts to figure out the decision that maximizes the likelihood of being the “best decision.”

In Brief

What: Finding similarities and differences between two ideas, two things, two actions, or whatever.

• Examples: Compare and contrast.
  • weight and mass
  • electric-vehicles and fossil-fuel-vehicles
  • apples and oranges
  • power and energy

• Rationale
  • Useful for learning
  • Useful for seeing patterns

• How: List the similarities. List the differences using various means
  • Tables
  • Lists
  • Venn Diagrams

• When
  • When two things, like weight and mass, seem like the same thing
  • When you want to see how two things differ

: concepts, ideas, actions, theories, things,

Why: Super useful for learning, teaching, decision making, figuring out, explaining, and similar. Helps you understand things that are easily mixed up.

How?: Many methods: venn diagram, tables, lists, etc.

When?: Whenever comparing two things that seem similar.

More Details (from ChatGPT)

Comparing and contrasting are fundamental processes of analyzing and evaluating similarities and differences between two or more things, ideas, concepts, or entities. These processes help individuals gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter and make informed decisions. Let’s break down the what, why, how, and when of comparing and contrasting:

1. What:
   • Comparing: It involves identifying similarities or commonalities between two or more items or ideas. It highlights the shared characteristics or features.
   • Contrasting: This process focuses on identifying differences or distinctions between the same items or ideas. It emphasizes what sets them apart.
2. Why:
   • To understand better: Comparing and contrasting help individuals gain a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter by highlighting its various facets.
   • To make informed decisions: It assists in decision-making by providing a basis for evaluating options and choosing the most suitable one.
   • To facilitate learning: In education, comparing and contrasting are often used as teaching tools to help students grasp complex concepts and develop critical thinking skills.
   • To solve problems: Analyzing similarities and differences can be instrumental in problem-solving, as it aids in identifying solutions or alternative approaches.
3. How:
   • Identify the subjects of comparison/contrast: Determine what you want to compare or contrast. This could be objects, ideas, concepts, individuals, etc.
   • Establish criteria: Decide on the specific criteria or aspects you will focus on when making comparisons or contrasts. These criteria depend on the context and purpose.
   • Gather information: Collect relevant information or data about each subject being compared or contrasted.
   • Create a structure: Organize your comparison or contrast in a clear and logical manner, using methods such as lists, tables, Venn diagrams, or paragraphs.
   • Analyze and interpret: Examine the collected information and draw conclusions about the similarities and differences.
   • Provide evidence: Support your comparisons and contrasts with evidence or examples to make your analysis more convincing.
4. When:
   • Academically: Comparing and contrasting are commonly used in essays, research papers, and presentations to analyze literature, historical events, scientific theories, and more.
   • Decision-making: When faced with choices, individuals often use this approach to weigh the pros and cons of different options.
   • Problem-solving: It is employed to identify solutions or approaches to address issues or challenges.
   • Critical thinking: As a mental exercise, comparing and contrasting can be practiced regularly to enhance one’s critical thinking skills.

In summary, comparing and contrasting are valuable tools for gaining insights, making decisions, solving problems, and developing critical thinking skills. They are used across various contexts to explore and analyze the similarities and differences between different subjects, leading to a deeper understanding and informed choices.

Definition: False information deliberately spread to deceive people.

Examples

1. The government warned about the surge of disinformation online.
2. Journalists strive to fight disinformation by verifying facts before publication.
3. Social media platforms have taken steps to curb the spread of disinformation.

Definition: a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement

Examples

1. After weeks of doing nothing during the summer holidays, Jacob felt a deep sense of ennui.
2. The relentless monotony of his daily routine brought about a pervasive ennui he found hard to shake off.
3. As the meeting dragged on for hours, ennui settled over the room like a heavy fog.

Definition: requiring immediate attention or action

Examples

1. The exigent circumstances of the emergency required prompt action by the staff.
2. The manager faced exigent demands from the clients and had to prioritize their needs.
3. Due to an exigent situation, the company had to expedite its decision-making process.

Definition: silly and pointless.

Examples

1. The comedian made a fatuous comment that didn’t amuse the audience.
2. His fatuous behavior at the meeting cost him the respect of his colleagues.
3. She ignored his fatuous remarks and continued with her presentation.

Definition: lacking ease or grace; unsophisticated and socially awkward

Examples

1. His comments at the dinner party were considered gauche and made everyone uncomfortable.
2. She felt gauche at her first fancy gala, unsure of the etiquette.
3. His gauche mannerisms often made it difficult for him to fit in at work.

Definition: causing harm or destruction, especially by supernatural means

Examples

1. The witch cast a maleficent spell over the village.
2. His intentions were maleficent, aiming to ruin her reputation.
3. The forest was said to be home to maleficent spirits.

Definition: the complete works or comprehensive creative output of an artist, writer, or composer.

Examples

1. The museum will be exhibiting the entire oeuvre of the famous painter.
2. Critics often discuss the director’s oeuvre when analyzing his latest film.
3. Her literary oeuvre spans several decades and includes numerous bestsellers.

The News refers to information about

Use the command:

:bufdo bd

Definition: deceitfulness; untrustworthiness.

Examples

1. The spy was known for his perfidy, betraying his own country.
2. Her act of perfidy shattered their friendship beyond repair.
3. The perfidy in his actions led to a loss of trust within the team.

Definition: Making a show of being morally superior to other people.

Examples

1. His sanctimonious attitude made him few friends.
2. She was tired of his sanctimonious sermons about how to live.
3. The politician’s sanctimonious speech was full of hypocrisy.

Definition: An essential condition, element, or factor; something that is absolutely necessary or indispensable.

Examples

1. Honesty is the sine qua non of a good relationship.
2. In today’s digital age, internet access has become a sine qua non for education.
3. Trust is the sine qua non of a successful business partnership.

Definition: characterized by showing concern or care; attentive.

Examples

1. She was always solicitous about the welfare of her students.
2. He had a solicitous expression as he helped his grandmother up the stairs.
3. The solicitous waiter made sure we had everything we needed during our meal.

Definition: The combination of components or elements to form a connected whole.

Examples

1. The scientist’s synthesis of new data led to a breakthrough in the research.
2. Musicians thrive on the synthesis of different genres to create unique sounds.
3. Her essay showcased a synthesis of various philosophical perspectives.

Definition: sharp, keen, or incisive in expression or style

Examples

1. Her trenchant remarks cut through the lengthy debate, bringing the discussion to a quick conclusion.
2. The trenchant analysis of the book gave readers a new perspective on the theme.
3. He has a trenchant wit that can captivate an audience instantly.

Definition: notably polite or polished in manner

Examples

1. The diplomat’s urbane demeanor made negotiations smooth and successful.
2. He held the door with an urbane gesture, impressing those around him.
3. Her urbane wit captivated the audience at the gala.

CT is a subject that equips an actor (person or group) to consistently do three things:

1. Make the best decisions.

2. Find truth; that is, have an accurate view of reality.

3. Justify their conclusions, aka claims, recommendations, opinions, and so on.

Resource: See How to Apply Critical Thinking (CT).

Purpose: Make it your purpose to find truth or figure out the best action to take.

Iteration: While the quality of your decision is improving, take the following actions.

1. Key Question: ID the most useful thing to make a decision about. Frame this as a simple question.

2. Research: Get good information for answering the key question. Good info meets seven criteria: super-useful, true, accurate, justified, easy-to-understand, well-organized, and justified.

3. Logic: For your context, figure out the best method for using facts to reveal truth. Skillfully apply this method.

4. Argument: Present your findings in the way that best communicates with your target audience. The two essential parts are:

   1. Conclusion. State the answer to the key question.

   2. Reasoning. Give the reasons why you or anyone else should agree with your conclusion.

5. Improvement: As appropriate, figure out way to improve the quality of your decision, and take these steps.

An autocommand is code that looks for events (such as entering a buffer, saving a file, or leaving insert mode) and takes actions in response.

Examples of autocommand use:

1. Save a file when the user switches from insert mode to normal mode.
2. Highlight trailing whitespace when opening a file.
3. Automatically set filetype settings when opening certain file extensions.

Example Vim autocommand syntax:

" Save file on leaving insert mode
autocmd InsertLeave * write

" Highlight trailing whitespace
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile * match ErrorMsg '\s\+$'

" Set filetype to markdown for .md files
autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md set filetype=markdown

A keybinding in Vim is a shortcut that associates a specific key or combination of keys with a desired action; that is, a command or sequence of commands.

Examples

You can use Vim’s keybindings or define your own.

Keybindings enhance productivity and reduce cognitive overload.

Conclusion: No.

Reasoning:

1. Definitions:

   1. Predisposition: A tendency to act in a certain way.
   2. Bias: A predisposition that results in unfairness, distortion, or systematic error.
   3. Warranted: Justified with good reasons or evidence.

2. Bias is typically a warrantless or unjustified predisposition—something that distorts thinking, judgment, or decision-making.

3. If a predisposition is based on solid evidence, reasoning, or experience, it’s better described as a justified belief.

4. A justified belief is valuable. Example: A doctor is predisposed to test for malaria in patients returning from sub-Saharan Africa because malaria is common there. This isn’t a bias—it’s a justified belief.

5. Summary: A warranted predisposition is not a bias. Bias implies error or unfairness. A justified predisposition is generally a strength—an efficient guide to action based on evidence.

A regular expression (regex) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern for matching, finding, or manipulating text.

For example, the regex \d+ applied to “Order 1239 and 45” will match one or more digits. It will return ['1239', '45'].

News refers to current information about {recent events, trends, people, weather, etc} that are public interest.

• Analysis (3 main element)
  • Current information
  • About events, trends, people etc.
  • Relevant to the public.

Learning regexes takes time because they are abstract and complicated. Therefore, there must be strong reasons to justify why the effort to learn them is worthwhile.

1. Regexes are powerful tools for working with text. They allow you to:

   • Find all text that matches a specific pattern (e.g., all email addresses in a document).
   • Replace or modify text that matches a given pattern (e.g., reformatting phone numbers).
   • Validate input (e.g., ensuring a password meets certain rules).

2. Regexes save massive amounts of time. Instead of writing dozens of lines of code to process text, a single regex can often accomplish the task. This makes your code faster to write, easier to maintain, and more efficient.

3. Regexes are a fundamental coding skill. They are widely used in:

   • Programming languages (Python, JavaScript, etc.).
   • Command-line tools (grep, sed).
   • Text editors (VS Code, Sublime, Vim).
   • Data analysis and web scraping.

4. Regexes are worth the effort. While they take a little time to learn, they pay off by giving you the ability to solve complex text-processing problems quickly and with minimal code.

Wow Factor Examples

Note: AI generated. I have not validated these yet.

• Extract all email addresses from a large document:

  [\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+

• Find all dates in formats like 2025-07-27 or 07/27/2025:

  \b\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\b|\b\d{2}/\d{2}/\d{4}\b

• Validate strong passwords (8+ characters with at least 1 uppercase, 1 lowercase, 1 number):

  ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d).{8,}$

Applications involve three steps.

1. Define your regex (the search pattern)
2. Choose the helper function from the re module that does what you want.
3. Write code that does what you want.

Example: Finding all emails in text.

import re

# 1. Define a regex that matches email address.  
regex = r"[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+"
text = "Contact help@chat.com or info@openai.org."

# 2. Select a helper function to find all matches 
emails = re.findall(regex, text)
print(emails)

# Results: ['help@chat.com', 'info@openai.org']

Persuasion is the process of getting a person or group to believe something, do something, or change their identity.

1. To influence ethically and effectively
   Learning persuasion helps you guide others to take actions that are in their own best interest. This is especially important if you have responsibility for others—as a parent, teacher, manager, leader, doctor, nurse, accountant, lawyer, and so on.

2. To protect yourself and others from manipulation
   Manipulation is a common form of unethical persuasion. Skilled manipulators often succeed because their targets don’t realize what’s happening. When you understand how persuasion works, you can spot manipulation and respond in the best ways.

Persuasion is the process of getting a person or group to believe something, do something, or change their identity.

Persuasion is ethical when two criteria are met:

1. Acting in the target’s best interest
   Your goal is to help the person or group, not exploit them.

2. Using transparent and acceptable methods
   You use methods that most people would consider fair and acceptable—even if they knew those methods were being used on them.

1. Persuader: The person or group who is trying to persuade.

2. Target: The person or group the persuader is trying to influence.

Manipulation (unethical persuasion) occurs when two criteria are met.

1. The persuader is acting in their own best interest without regard for the target’s best interest.

2. The persuader is using methods that most people would consider unacceptable if they knew those methods were being used on them.

Three common methods used by manipulators are

1. Using flawed information.
2. Using coercion; force, threats, unjustified fear, and so on.
3. Using psychological tricks that work on many people.

Yes—but it’s not easy. While most people think that willpower and self-control are the keys to acting in their own best interests, research and experience suggest otherwise.

What actually works are methods like:

• Environmental design – changing your surroundings to make good actions easier and bad ones harder.
• Reframing – changing how you think about a situation to shift motivation.
• Identity shifting – aligning choices with who you want to be.
• Habit shaping – building automatic behaviors that serve your long-term goals.

A skilled persuader can succeed by combining persuasive reasoning (“This is in my best interest because…”) with behavioral tools like those above. The real skill is in using persuasion not just to convince—but to create conditions that make follow-through likely.

A keybinding is mapping between a key stroke and one or more commands.

For example, you can map a key stroke to open a file that you commonly use.

Syntax

vim.keymap.set(mode, keys, command)  -- Explanation

• mode: The mode for the keybinding (e.g., ‘n’ for normal, ‘i’ for insert).

• keys: The key combination to trigger the command.

• command: The Vim command or Lua function to run.

• explanation: Documentation of the keymap (optional)

Example and Details

1. Add the keybinding to either:

   • ~/.config/nvim/init.lua — for a single-file config, or

   • ~/.config/nvim/lua/keybindings.lua — if you organize configs by module.

2. Example keybinding:

vim.keymap.set('n', '<leader>cd', ':cd /Users/donaldelger/Documents/Vault/Notes<CR>')
-- Change directory to Notes

Explanation

• ‘n’: This binding works in normal mode.

• ‘cd’: The shortcut you press (by default, unless you’ve changed your ).

• :cd /Users/donaldelger/Documents/Vault/Notes<CR>: Runs the Vim :cd command to change the current directory. <CR> simulates pressing Enter.

This lets you quickly switch to your Vault Notes directory by pressing in normal mode.

The one question among all the possible questions whose answer provides the highest payoffs (holistic sum of rewards minus drawbacks).

1. Persuader convinces their target to exercise.

2. Persuader convinces their boss to run better meetings.

3. Persuader convinces team members to consistently come to meetings on time and prepared.

4. Persuader convinces their city to improve the safety near a dangerous intersection.

5. Persuader crafts a web site that gets many people to sign up for a paid service.

6. Persuader gets their love one to stop smoking.

7. Persuader gets an abundance of people to volunteer for helping to provide food to those in need.

8. Persuader gets a patient to follow the advice of their doctor.

9. Persuader gets students to read before coming to class.

10. Persuader convinces the target to change their beliefs about the efficacy and risks of vaccines.

11. Persuader convinces the target to value moral and professional ethics rather than viewing them as situational.

12. Persuader convinces the target that deeply learning the material in chemistry and statistics is more important than just earning an A.

13. Persuader convinces the target that climate change is real and primarily driven by human activity, shifting their belief from skepticism to concern.

14. Persuader convinces the target that addiction is a health condition—not a moral failing—prompting greater empathy and support for recovery-based approaches.

15. Persuader convinces the target to see failure as a necessary part of growth, changing their belief that mistakes are signs of incompetence.

16. Persuader convinces the target to believe that their vote matters, countering a previously held belief that individual political action is meaningless.

17. Persuader convinces target that they can and should start taking small steps to improve their physical and emotional wellbeing.

Harmful Persuasion Examples

1. Persuader convinces the target that opioid drugs are safe and worthwhile—as long as you “know what you’re doing”—downplaying the risks of addiction and misuse.

2. Persuader convinces the target that a charismatic leader holds absolute truth, and that anyone who disagrees is misled or dangerous.

3. Persuader convinces the target that a fraudulent investment scheme is safe and guaranteed, leading them to ignore warning signs and lose money.

1. Persuader convinces a student who sees themselves as “bad at math” to adopt the identity of a capable problem solver.

2. Persuader helps a reluctant leader begin to see themselves as someone who can and should take charge and inspire others.

3. Persuader guides a person who views themselves as a smoker to identify as someone who lives a healthy, smoke-free lifestyle.

4. Persuader helps a new employee stop thinking of themselves as “just the new guy” and start embracing their role as a valued team member.

5. Persuader influences a shy teen to begin seeing themselves as someone who can speak up and contribute in group settings.

Memory is the ability to store, recall, and use information. Memory

1. Persuader convinces the target to change their beliefs about which political party is best for the country.

2. Persuader convinces the target to change their beliefs about the efficacy and risks of vaccines.

3. Persuader convinces the target to value moral and professional ethics rather than viewing them as situational.

4. Persuader convinces the target that deeply learning the material in chemistry and statistics is more important than just earning an A.

5. Persuader convinces the target that climate change is real and primarily driven by human activity, shifting their belief from skepticism to concern.

6. Persuader convinces the target that addiction is a health condition—not a moral failing—prompting greater empathy and support for recovery-based approaches.

7. Persuader convinces the target to see failure as a necessary part of growth, changing their belief that mistakes are signs of incompetence.

8. Persuader convinces the target to believe that their vote matters, countering a previously held belief that individual political action is meaningless.

9. Persuader convinces target that they can and should start taking small steps to improve their physical and emotional wellbeing.

Harmful Persuasion Examples

1. Persuader convinces the target that opioid drugs are safe and worthwhile—as long as you “know what you’re doing”—downplaying the risks of addiction and misuse.

2. Persuader convinces the target that a charismatic leader holds absolute truth, and that anyone who disagrees is misled or dangerous.

3. Persuader convinces the target that a fraudulent investment scheme is safe and guaranteed, leading them to ignore warning signs and lose money.

Some actors manipulate others to get what they want—resources, approval, obedience, or advantage.

They choose manipulation because it works: it can bypass resistance, speed up compliance, and deliver results.

But this comes at a cost: it violates trust, autonomy, and fairness. Manipulators are willing to accept those costs—usually for self-interest, power, or control—even if it harms others.

To avoid guilt or self-reproach, manipulators often hide the manipulation from themselves using psychological shields like:

• rationalization (“Everyone does it.”)
• minimization (“It’s not a big deal.”)
• blame-shifting (“They made me do it.”)

These defenses let them see themselves as good, even while manipulating others.

The result is True.

Reasoning:

1. First, True and False is False
2. Then, False or True is True.

and returns True only if both sides are True.
or returns True if at least one side is True.

Claim: False

Reasoning

1. True or False is True.
   
2. Then not True is False.

A force is an interaction between two bodies that can be characterized as a push or pull acting at a point.

For more detail see Force.

1. The push of the foot downward on the pedal.
2. The pull of the bike chain on a gear attached to the rear wheel.
3. The weight of the bicycle plus the rider.
4. The push of the bike tire downward on the road.

Notice: Every example is the push or pull of one body on another.

Use get() when there is a unique record.

from myapp.models import Task

task = Task.objects.get(id=123)
print(task.title)

Things are more memorable when they are meaningful, connected, emotional, or repeated.

Feedback shows what’s working and what needs fixing — it helps you improve faster.

Notes:

1. The cup is free of its surroundings; it is a free body.

2. The weight include the weight of the water and the weight of the cup.

3. The cup should be modeled as a particle. Thus, it can be drawn as shown on the right sketch.

In HTML5, the headings are

<h1>Heading One</h1>
<h2>Heading One</h2>
...
<h6>Heading One</h6>

The are six heading elements, each defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

The <h1> heading is the most prominent or important, and the <h6> the least.

A con man is someone who tricks people by pretending to be trustworthy so they can manipulate, steal, or exploit them.

Propaganda is information or messages spread by governments, organizations, or individuals to influence how people think or act. It sometimes, but not always, uses deception, coercion, or brain-tricks to manipulate its target audience.

See Propaganda.

You can build anything into long-term memory — like a great golf swing — by repeating this 4-step learning cycle:

→ Encode → Sleep → Apply → Repeat

→ Encode (Get Good Information and Figure it Out)

• Focus: Pay close attention to one specific part of the swing (e.g., grip or follow-through).
• Understand: Watch slow-motion videos of pros and take lessons to understand the mechanics.
• Make it meaningful: Use analogies that make sense to you — e.g., “swinging like a pendulum.”
• Break it down: Learn the swing in parts — grip, stance, backswing, downswing, follow-through — before combining them.

→ Sleep (Consolidate Information in Your Brain)

• After practice, get a full night’s sleep to help consolidate what you’ve learned.
• Review key thoughts or visualize your swing before bed.
• Avoid cramming or watching new swing advice late at night.

→ Apply

• Use the swing in drills and in real-world settings.
• Practice recalling and performing the motion without looking it up.
• Get feedback (e.g., from observations of ball flight, videos, peers, coaches, and so on).
• Use deliberate practice: isolate weak points and fix them with intent.

→ Repeat

• Revisit the skill regularly — especially weak areas.
• Use spaced repetition: practice today, then again after a few days, and so on.
• Spiral back to the basics over time to deepen understanding.
• Add variations: different clubs, lies, and shot goals to build flexibility.

With each cycle of Encode → Sleep → Apply → Repeat, your golf swing becomes smoother, more automatic, and easier to adjust under pressure.

Takeaway

Long-term memory isn’t built in a day — it’s built in loops. Repeat the cycle and refine each pass. That’s how learning sticks.

If you can recall and use it easily after a long delay, it’s in your long-term memory.

Practice strengthens memory by helping you recall, use, and refine what you’ve learned.

Declarative knowledge is what you can describe or explain.
Nondeclarative knowledge is what you know but can’t easily explain, like riding a bike.

Encoding is figuring out new information so it makes sense and so that it sticks in your LTM (Long Term Memory).

Knowledge is useful and accurate information stored in long-term memory.

LTM (long-term memory) stores information for a long time — days to years.
STM (short-term memory) holds information briefly — seconds to minutes.

Sleep helps your brain consolidate what you’ve learned — it’s like pressing “save” on your memory.

A memory trace, also called an engram, is the physical and chemical change in the brain’s neural networks that represents stored information or skills for later recall.

Classes datetime and timedelta are used for most time calculations. They both import from the datetime module.

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

# Step 1: Create a datetime object for 10:00 today
time_obj = datetime.strptime("10:00", "%H:%M")

# Step 2: Create the timedelta to subtract
delta = timedelta(hours=3, minutes=6)

# Step 3: Subtract
new_time = time_obj - delta

# Step 4: Show result
print(new_time.strftime("%H:%M"))

1. Remembering: Recalling facts, definitions, or basic concepts from memory.

2. Understanding: Explaining ideas or concepts in one’s own words; showing comprehension.

3. Applying: Using knowledge in new but similar situations to solve problems or carry out tasks.

4. Analyzing: Breaking information into parts to understand relationships, patterns, and underlying structures.

5. Evaluating: Making judgments about the value, quality, or effectiveness of ideas, solutions, or methods using criteria and standards.

6. Creating: Putting elements together to form a new whole—designing, generating, or producing original work.

Evaluate (making judgments with criteria).

The method has three steps: goal, analysis to give a subgoal, attainment of the subgoal by deliberate practice.

Goal: Kayak safely and skillfully. Describe the ideas needed for skilled kayaking.

Next we break the long-term goal down into parts. One of these parts involves doing a roll.

Subgoal: Skillfully and effortlessly roll a kayak in challenging whitewater. That is, excel at combat rolls. Describe the main ideas for safely and effectively doing an Eskimo roll.

The next step, deliberate practice (DP), is where the magic happen. It is the essence of how learning works. DP proceeds by repetitions.

Repetition 1: The learner gets some information about how to roll. They watch their teacher demonstrate the roll. They try this out over and over in a swimming pool and cannot do it. They get some feedback from their teacher. They have some fun.

Rolling is hard to do for a beginner, so the next 11 repetitions are developmental. Note: each repetition is a practice session in which the learner is doing several attempted rolls.

Repetitions 2 to 12:: Over the course of several weeks, the student continues to get good information about how to roll. The student watches many videos of skilled kayakers and they try to imitate them. The student has fun and looks forward to practicing. Finally on the 12th repetition, the student successfully rolls the kayak to an upright position.

The next set of repetitions are in the river.

Repetitions 12 to 72:: For several years, the learner continues to practice and refine their technique. They progress from combat rolls in easy white water to combat rolls in challenging white water. They teach their friends. After many repetitions, they have a solid combat roll that they hit nearly every time. This roll is automatic and easy to do because it is built into their brain, aka muscle memory.

Here is the summary of deliberate practice.

While (knowledge + performance) are developing: 1. Get information. 2. Apply this information in the real world with imitation-feedback-growth-rewards.

For this example:

imitation: Watch skilled kayakers and trying to copy them.

feedback: This is information from self, teachers, peers, and the real world that help you figure out how to roll and then how to improve your roll.

growth: This involves getting better and better at rolling and better and better at understanding how to roll.

rewards: This involve learning to roll such that it is always fun and enjoyable. These rewards are what makes learning addictive.

Create (designing something new).

Example: “Calculate the area of a circle with radius 4 cm.”

This is Evaluate (judging based on evidence and criteria).

Example: “State the formula for the area of a circle.”

• Remember: Recall facts and definitions.
• Understand: Explain or summarize meaning.
• Apply: Use knowledge in practical situations.
• Analyze: Break into parts and see relationships.
• Evaluate: Judge quality based on criteria.
• Create: Combine elements into something new.

1. Remember
2. Understand
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Evaluate
6. Create

Analyze (exploring relationships; B4).

Journalism is when an actor (person or group) does 5 things:

1. Systematically gathers information relevant to the public interest.
2. Verifies that the information is factually accurate.
3. Shares this information in a clear and understandable way.
4. Strives to remain free from undue outside influence.
5. Follows professional ethical standards.

Logic is a systematic method that uses rules & evidence for one of two things.

1. To reach the best conclusion.
2. To determine how to best proceed when solving a problem.

Analysis is the process of breaking something down into its essential parts.

The “Analysis” line means that logic has 3 essential parts.

1. Analysis must be systematic.
2. Analysis must apply rules and info.
3. Analysis is done for two purposes.
   • To reach the best conclusion.
   • To determine the best way to proceed when solving a problem.

The curly brackets {}, from set theory in math, indicate a set; in this case the set of things that are necessary and sufficient for an action to be classified as analysis.

1. Safety and Security – Protection from crime, terrorism, and external threats through effective law enforcement and national defense.

2. Economic Stability and Opportunity – A strong economy with jobs, fair wages, affordable housing, and opportunities for upward mobility.

3. Healthcare Access – Affordable and reliable access to medical care, prescription drugs, and preventive health services.

4. Fair Governance and Justice – A government that upholds the rule of law, protects civil rights, and treats people fairly regardless of background.

5. Infrastructure and Services – Reliable roads, bridges, public transportation, clean water, electricity, and digital infrastructure like internet access.

1. A backlink points back to the page or block that referenced the current item.
2. Bidirectional links create a navigable network of ideas.
3. Backlinks help you see and traverse relationships.

1. Graph view provides a visual representation of your notes.
2. It shows the connections between pages and blocks as a network of nodes and edges.
3. The graph view helps you identify patterns and relations in your data.

1. Mass Media – Use television, radio, and newspapers to reach wide audiences quickly with speeches, interviews, ads, and news coverage.

2. Digital Platforms – Leverage social media (e.g., YouTube, Facebook, TikTok, X/Twitter) and email campaigns to engage directly with large numbers of people, share updates, and encourage participation.

3. Public Events and Networks – Hold rallies, town halls, debates, and community meetings, or partner with civic organizations, unions, or interest groups to spread messages broadly and mobilize support.

1. Images
   • Immutable “blueprints” that contain the application code, runtime, libraries, and dependencies.
   • Ensure consistency: the same image runs the same way across any system.
   • Analogy: like a recipe that anyone can use to bake the same cake, no matter where the kitchen is.
2. Containers
   • Running instances of images that are isolated but lightweight.
   • Provide the execution environment with controlled resources (CPU, memory, filesystem).
   • Analogy: like baking a cake from the recipe—each cake (container) is independent but based on the same recipe (image).
3. Configuration (env vars, volumes, ports)
   • Env Vars: settings that change how the app runs without altering the image (e.g., API keys, language, location).
   • Volumes: persistent storage that outlives the container (e.g., saving user data).
   • Ports: define how the container talks to the outside world (e.g., port 80 for web traffic).
   • Analogy: env vars are like dials on a machine, volumes are like external hard drives, and ports are like doors or windows letting traffic in and out.

• Units. Pa, psi, N/m^2
• Secondary Dimensions: F/A = Force/Area, Mass*Acceleration/Area
• Primary Dimensions: M/L*T^2

1. stress = force/area
2. force is 2000 lbf = 8896.4 N
3. \(A = \pi * D^2/4 = 0.0005067 \text{m}^2\)
4. Thus, stress = 8896.4 N / 0.0005067 m^2 = 17.6 MPa

1. The goal is reached.
2. The path is the most desirable way to reach that goal.
3. There are the fewest drawbacks (stress, frustration, cost, time, hassles, conflicts, etc.).
4. There is minimal friction while taking steps along the path.
   • Friction is anything that resists smooth progress, such as confusion, inefficiency, or unnecessary obstacles.
5. The path produces the greatest rewards (enjoyment, satisfaction, learning, connection, achievement, etc.).

Tip: The essential parts of anything are revealed through analysis. Here is an analysis of “Happy Path”:

Analysis: {Most desirable way to reach a goal state, Fewest drawbacks, Lowest friction, Most rewards, Goal attainment}

A path refers to the anticipated or actual steps taken to move from the present state (current conditions) toward a desired goal state (future conditions).

Analysis: {Steps, Steps progress toward the Goal State}

1. Logseq is an open-source knowledge management and note-taking tool.
2. It organizes information as a hierarchical framework of interlinked blocks.

1. Logseq helps to keep information organized efficiently.
2. It allows building information inductively without requiring a top-down structure.

1. A block is the fundamental unit in Logseq (like a paragraph or list item).
2. Blocks can be linked, collapsed, and embedded, among other functions.
3. On a page, you write with blocks; think of them as nested lists.

1. Square brackets name and hashtags #name are both used for linking in Logseq.
2. name creates a page link, while #name tags content with a keyword.
3. Both enhance navigation and organization by connecting related data.

1. The block link syntax is written as ((block link name)).
2. It allows you to create links directly to specific blocks within Logseq.
3. Example: ((Task-1)) would link to a block with the content “Task-1.”

1. Logseq is an open-source knowledge management and note-taking tool.
2. It organizes information as a hierarchical framework of interlinked blocks.

1. Logseq helps to keep information organized efficiently.
2. It allows building information inductively without a top-down structure.

1. A block is the fundamental unit in Logseq (similar to a paragraph or list item).
2. Blocks can be linked, collapsed, embedded, and more.
3. On a page, you write with blocks and think of them as nested lists.

1. A backlink indicates the page or block that referenced the current item.
2. Bidirectional links create a navigable network of ideas.
3. Backlinks help you see and traverse relationships.

1. Graph view provides a visual representation of your notes.
2. It shows connections between pages and blocks as a network of nodes and edges.
3. The graph view helps you identify patterns and relationships in your data.

1. Square brackets name and hashtags #name are both used for linking in Logseq.
2. name creates a page link, while #name tags content with a keyword.
3. Both enhance navigation and organization by connecting related data.

1. The block link syntax is written as ((block link name)).
2. It allows you to create links directly to specific blocks within Logseq.
3. Example: ((Task-1)) would link to a block with the content “Task-1.”

1. Tags are used to mark content that evolves or accumulates meaning over time.
2. Examples: #places-to-visit, #chemistry, #critical-thinking.

1. Use a page title when the contents will eventually reach a stable or finished form.
2. Examples: A recipe, a method, a list of material properties.
3. Key idea: Content will stabilize.

Organization is the process of systematically arranging items, allowing them to be easily located and used.

1. Enhances time management skills.
2. Reduces feelings of frustration.
3. Facilitates managing complex tasks by maintaining clarity and order.

1. CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete.
2. It describes standard operations of a database:
   • Create records: Adding new information.
   • Read records: Retrieving necessary information.
   • Update records: Modifying existing data.
   • Delete records: Removing unnecessary data.
3. Proper organization requires keeping data current and accessible through these operations.

Friction is anything that makes an action harder to start, continue, or complete. Friction impedes motion (moving forward).

1. Anything that consists of items can be organized.
2. Examples include: A project, a desk, tools, clothing, tasks, code, books, computer files, financial records, lessons in a course, things to do, and shopping lists.

Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages.

A message is what the sender wishes the receiver to understand. It includes ideas, information, feelings, intentions, or requests.

Refer to the provided image for chords and melody:

Utilize resources such as sheet music, lyrics, or video tutorials for guidance.

Definitions:

Cognitive content → the factual or conceptual meaning (what the message is about)
Analysis: {information, meaning, logic}

Affective content → the emotional and motivational tone (how the message feels)
Analysis: {emotion, motivation, relational cues}

Simple: Cognitive tells what. Affective signals how to feel and how the relationship stands.

Examples:

• “The meeting is at 3pm.” → mostly cognitive
  
• “I really appreciate your help!” → mostly affective
  
• “We need that report ASAP!” → both (information + urgency/pressure)

Success criteria are a set of measurable indicators that define what high-quality (i.e., desirable) results look like.

• Examples:
  • Party → {everyone has fun, great food, good attendance}
  • Novel → {readers love it, captivating plot, interesting characters, seminal takeaways}
  • New Car → {good price, love it, safe, good mileage, reliable}

Sender role (essence) → {receiver understands intended meaning, high likelihood of intended response}

Sender role (empowering fundamentals) → {accurate, clear, concise, complete, logical, persuasive, audience-appropriate, engaging, action-oriented}

Receiver role (essence) → {accurately understand intended meaning, respond in the best way}

Receiver role (empowering fundamentals) → {active processing, skilled decoding, clarifying questions, paraphrasing}

Paraphrasing is a listening skill where the receiver restates the sender’s message in their own words to check that they’ve understood the intended meaning.

Conclusion: No.

Reasoning:

1. Definitions:

   • Predisposition: A tendency to act in a certain way.
   • Bias: A predisposition that results in unfairness, distortion, or systematic error.
   • Warranted: Justified with good reasons or evidence.

2. Bias is typically a warrantless or unjustified predisposition—something that distorts thinking, judgment, or decision-making.

3. If a predisposition is based on solid evidence, reasoning, or experience, it’s better described as a justified belief.

4. A justified belief is valuable. Example: A doctor is predisposed to test for malaria in patients returning from sub-Saharan Africa because malaria is common there. This isn’t a bias—it’s a justified belief.

5. Summary: A warranted predisposition is not a bias. Bias implies error or unfairness. A justified predisposition is generally a strength—an efficient guide to action based on evidence.

A sender constructs a message using codes and channels the receiver can understand. Common resources include:

• Words and language
• Symbols and visual cues
• Tone of voice and vocal features (pitch, pace, volume)
• Body language (posture, gestures, eye contact, facial expression)
• Medium-specific elements (images, diagrams, emojis, formatting)

Essence → The sender chooses forms of expression that fit the receiver and support the sender’s intended meaning and purposes.

The sender’s job is to:

• Decide the meaning they want the receiver to understand.
• Clarify the purpose(s) of the message (e.g., inform, request, persuade, connect).
• Craft the message so the intended meaning and purposes are easy for the receiver to understand.
• Choose words, symbols, tone, and nonverbal cues that support clarity and accuracy.

Essence → Create a message that the receiver can accurately decode and respond to in the best way.

The receiver’s job is to:

• Accurately decode the sender’s intended meaning.
• Infer the sender’s purpose(s) (e.g., inform, request, persuade, connect).
• Respond in the best way, supporting mutual understanding and shared goals.
• Use active listening and clarifying questions when unsure of the meaning.

Essence → Understand what the sender means and wants — and respond in a way that moves the communication forward effectively.

1. The two main roles are sender and receiver.
2. The sender’s job is to encode their meaning and craft a message the receiver can understand.
3. The receiver’s job is to decode the message and respond in the best way.