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Manipulation (unethical persuasion) occurs when two criteria are met.

1. The persuader is acting in their own best interest without regard for the target’s best interest.

2. The persuader is using methods that most people would consider unacceptable if they knew those methods were being used on them.

Three common methods used by manipulators are

1. Using flawed information.
2. Using coercion; force, threats, unjustified fear, and so on.
3. Using psychological tricks that work on many people.