Logic is the law of thought. — Ellery Ells (as reported by @kaye2012, p. vii)

Definition

Logic is any systematic method that uses information and rules to reach the best available conclusion or result.

#1 Logic is the method or process for reaching a result or a conclusion.

#2 Logic is the method or process of reasoning that connects information to results or conclusions.

#3 Logic is how something (person, computer, …) uses information to reach results or conclusions.

the way information gets transformed into outcomes

Logic is a set of methods, each of which uses facts to figure out what is most likely true or what action to take that is the most likely to be the best action.

Examples

1. Math proofs use mathematical logic.

2. When a lawyer argues before a jury, they are using logic in part to prove their case.

3. Science is done using scientific logic.

Rationale

There are several reasons for learning and skillfully applying logic.

1. It gives you a way to proceed; you always have a gameplan.

2. Logic reveals truth to you. That is, you don’t have to know truth because you have a way to figure it out.

3. It is fun like playing chess.

Skilled Logic (How)

1. Select the most appropriate method of logic based on your key question.

2. Skillfully apply this method.

Methods of Logic

There are many method of logic.

Logic: Formal and Applied

Yes, this description is accurate and insightful. Logic can be understood both in its formal sense—focused on reasoning and determining truth—and in its applied sense, as a systematic framework for skillfully performing tasks and achieving high-quality outcomes.

Key Points:

1. Formal Logic:
   • A system of rules for determining whether a conclusion follows from premises (true or false).
   • Example: Propositional logic, predicate logic.
2. Applied Logic:
   • A system of structured, principled reasoning for performing tasks skillfully and effectively.
   • Provides a framework for systematically analyzing and solving problems or achieving goals in various domains.

Examples:

• Troubleshooting Logic: A structured approach to identifying and resolving issues, such as isolating variables, testing hypotheses, and iterating based on results.
• Engineering Logic: Principles and methods for designing, analyzing, and building systems efficiently and reliably.
• Testing Logic in Programming: A systematic way of designing, implementing, and evaluating tests to ensure software quality, including test cases, edge cases, and validation of expected outcomes.

Both formal and applied logic share the goal of improving understanding and effectiveness, either by proving truth or enhancing practical outcomes.

Logic is a system of rules for proving or justifying that a conclusion is true or not or a system of rules for doing something skillfully and thereby producing a high level of quality. 

- the logic of troubleshooting describes how to troubleshoot effectively

- the logic of engineering describes how to do engineering effectively

- the logic of testing in computer programming tells us how to effectively test code

  

Accurate?

# Logic: Formal and Applied

Yes, this description is accurate and insightful. Logic can be understood both in its formal sense—focused on reasoning and determining truth—and in its applied sense, as a systematic framework for skillfully performing tasks and achieving high-quality outcomes.

## Key Points:

1. **Formal Logic:**
   * A system of rules for determining whether a conclusion follows from premises (true or false).
   * Example: Propositional logic, predicate logic.

2. **Applied Logic:**
   * A system of structured, principled reasoning for performing tasks skillfully and effectively.
   * Provides a framework for systematically analyzing and solving problems or achieving goals in various domains.

## Examples:

* **Troubleshooting Logic:** A structured approach to identifying and resolving issues, such as isolating variables, testing hypotheses, and iterating based on results.
* **Engineering Logic:** Principles and methods for designing, analyzing, and building systems efficiently and reliably.
* **Testing Logic in Programming:** A systematic way of designing, implementing, and evaluating tests to ensure software quality, including test cases, edge cases, and validation of expected outcomes.


Both formal and applied logic share the goal of improving understanding and effectiveness, either by proving truth or enhancing practical outcomes.

Logic: Logic is a set of methods. Each of these methods provides a way to arrange facts to prove or justify that a conclusion is most likely true.

These conclusions can be a statement of fact or a statement that describes the best course of action.

arrange facts to prove or justify that conclusion has the refers to how we arrange facts to justify a claim such that we maximize the probability of making the best choice.

Logic involves probability. Probability is a measure of how likely something is to happen, indicating the chances or odds of an event occurring in a given situation.

Logic is our fundamental tool for distinguishing between what is true and what is false, as well as guiding us in making optimal choices for actions in various contexts.

Examples of Logic

Here are some examples of logic in practice.

1. A medical doctor uses logic to diagnose illnesses and determine appropriate treatment plans.

2. About 2500 years ago, logic was used to prove that the Pythagorean Theorem is true. This logic has stood the test of time because this theorem is still true.

3. A student employs logic to construct a mathematical proof in geometry class.

4. A car mechanic applies logic to identify and fix issues in a vehicle’s performance.

5. A prosecuting attorney employs logic to prove to a jury that a crime has been committed by a defendant.

6. Computer programming is the process of designing and implementing a set of instructions, known as code, that a computer can follow to solve a specific problem. This requires the careful formulation of logical steps and algorithms to best address the problem at hand.

Rationale

Here are some reasons for learning and applying logic.

1. Best Decisions: Increase your ability to make well-informed decisions by employing logical reasoning.

2. Seek Truth: Maximize your probability of figuring out what is true and what is false.

3. Effective Communication: Have an excellent way to state your point of view and to back it up without resorting to anger, attacking other people, ridicule, loaded language, and so on. Also, avoid certitude.

4. Find Correct Answers: For questions with objectively correct answers, improve your odds of finding the right answer.

5. Intellectual Challenge: Logic is challenging and fun to figure out.

6. Professional Competence: In many professional fields, skillful logic is mandatory for competence.

How to Apply Logic

1. Identify: Identify the best type of logic for the task at hand.

2. Apply: Skillfully apply this logic.

Methods of Logic

Logic is a set of methods. The method we select depends on the context. Here are names and purposes of some of the methods.

1. Mathematical logic: Used to establish proofs in mathematics.

2. Troubleshooting logic: Diagnose the root cause of malfunctions.

3. Detective logic: Determine whether someone is guilty of a crime.

4. Computer programming logic: Find the best way to solve a programming problem.

5. Syllogism logic: Reach a deductive conclusions based on given premises.

6. Diamond logic: Make the best choice when there are many possibilities.

7. Inductive logic: Reach a conclusion by generalizing from specific observations.

8. Goal based logic: Establish the best way to reach a desired goal.

9. Fuzzy logic: Make decisions when there is imprecise and uncertain information.

10. Propositional logic: Make decisions by using statements and their truth values.

11. Boolean logic: Evaluate logical expressions using binary operations.

12. Ethical logic: Apply moral reasoning and principles in ethical dilemmas to arrive at the best course of action.

13. Philosophical logic: Analyzes arguments and concepts in philosophy.

14. Game theory: Analyzes strategic interactions and decision-making in games.

15. Predicate logic: Deals with quantified statements and their relationships.

16. Bayesian logic: Utilized in probability theory and statistical inference.

Relationships

1. Logic can be classified into two main categories:

   1. Deductive Logic: This involves starting with a known truths and then proving that a conclusion is true.

   2. Inductive Logic: This involves finding a pattern and then supposing that the pattern must always be true.

2. There are several systems that have been developed for deductive logic.

   1. Categorical Logic
   2. Sentential Logic
   3. Predicate Logic

3. I classify logic into two main categories. Both are highly useful:

   1. Formal logic: the logic presented in CT textbooks.
   2. Informal logic: logic as it is used in everyday practice by engineering, doctors, carpenters, computer programmers, parents, cooks, and so on.

4. There are so many different methods of logic that we can say that there is an infinite number of logic methods. However, we only need to learn a few to handle 95%+ of decision making.

5. Both logic and persuasion are of seminal importance.

   1. Logic is used to figure out what is true
   2. Persuasion, think magic and magician, is used to get other actors to
      1. Believe that something is true
      2. Take an action that the persuader wants
   3. Persuasion is far move effective than logic for changing beliefs, actions, and hearts.

Practice with Feedback

1. Task 47.

   Define logic.

   Feedback

   Logic is a set of methods, each of which uses facts to figure out the decision that maximizes the likelihood of being the “best decision.”